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# Permissions

Nautobot provides an object-based permissions framework, which replace's Django's built-in permissions model. Object-based permissions enable an administrator to grant users or groups the ability to perform an action on arbitrary subsets of objects in Nautobot, rather than all objects of a certain type. For example, it is possible to grant a user permission to view only locations within a particular parent location, or to modify only VLANs with a numeric ID within a certain range.

See the documentation on user permissions.

## Example Constraint Definitions

Constraints | Description
--- | ---
`{"status__name": "Active"}` | Status name is active
`{"status__name__in": ["Planned", "Reserved"]}` | Status name is active OR reserved
`{"status__name": "Active", "role__name": "testing"}` | Status name is active OR role name is testing
`{"name__startswith": "Foo"}` | Name starts with "Foo" (case-sensitive)
`{"name__iendswith": "bar"}` | Name ends with "bar" (case-insensitive)
`{"vid__gte": 100, "vid__lt": 200}` | VLAN ID is greater than or equal to 100 AND less than 200
`[{"vid__lt": 200}, {"status__name": "Reserved"}]` | VLAN ID is less than 200 OR status is reserved

## Permissions Enforcement

### Viewing Objects

Object-based permissions work by filtering the database query generated by a user's request to restrict the set of objects returned. When a request is received, Nautobot first determines whether the user is authenticated and has been granted to perform the requested action. For example, if the requested URL is `/dcim/devices/`, Nautobot will check for the `dcim.view_device` permission. If the user has not been assigned this permission (either directly or via a group assignment), Nautobot will return a 403 (forbidden) HTTP response.

If the permission has been granted, Nautobot will compile any specified constraints for the model and action. For example, suppose two permissions have been assigned to the user granting view access to the device model, with the following constraints:

    [
        {"location__name__in":  ["NYC1", "NYC2"]},
        {"location__location_type__name__in":  ["City"]},
        {"status__name":  "Offline", "tenant__isnull":  true}
    ]

This grants the user access to view any device that is assigned to a location named NYC1 or NYC2 with location type `City`, or which has a status name of "Offline" and has no tenant assigned. These constraints are equivalent to the following ORM query:

    Location.objects.filter(
        Q(location__name__in=['NYC1', 'NYC2']),
        Q(location__location_type__name__in=['City']),
        Q(status__name='Active', tenant__isnull=True)
    )

### Creating and Modifying Objects

The same sort of logic is in play when a user attempts to create or modify an object in Nautobot, with a twist. Once validation has completed, Nautobot starts an atomic database transaction to facilitate the change, and the object is created or saved normally. Next, still within the transaction, Nautobot issues a second query to retrieve the newly created/updated object, filtering the restricted queryset with the object's primary key. If this query fails to return the object, Nautobot knows that the new revision does not match the constraints imposed by the permission. The transaction is then rolled back, leaving the database in its original state prior to the change, and the user is informed of the violation.

## Assigning Permissions

Permissions are implemented by assigning them to specific users and/or to groups of users. Users can have a combination of permissions and groups assigned to their account. All of the permissions granted to the user's groups and directly to the user's account will be used when determining authorization to access an object or view.

### Assigning Permissions to Individual Users

Permissions can be related directly to users from the Admin UI or the API:

- | Admin UI | API
--- | --- | ---
Staff superusers | Yes | Yes
Non-staff superusers | No | Yes
Staff users with `users.add_permission` or `users.change_permission` | Yes | Yes
Non-staff users with `users.add_permission` or `users.change_permission` | No | Yes

Multiple permissions can be assigned to a user account.

Info

User permission relationships can be managed in the Admin UI by modifying the user or the permission.

Warning

Granting a user `users.change_permission` or `users.add_permission` gives the user the ability to modify their own permissions. This permission should be restricted to trusted accounts and should be considered the same as giving a user full access.

### Creating Groups

Groups of users can be created to provide role-based access control and simplify user permissions management. Permissions related to a group will apply to all users in the group. A user can belong to any number of groups. Groups can be created from the Admin UI or the API:

- | Admin UI | API
--- | --- | ---
Superusers | Yes | Yes
Users with `auth.add_group` or `auth.change_group` | No | Yes

### Adding Users to Groups

Users can be added to groups through the Admin UI by superusers or automatically assigned to externally authenticated users through the `EXTERNAL_AUTH_DEFAULT_GROUPS` and `EXTERNAL_AUTH_DEFAULT_PERMISSIONS` settings. Nautobot groups can optionally be mapped to LDAP groups when using LDAP authentication.

### Assigning Permissions to Groups

Permissions can be related to groups by superusers or users with `users.add_permission` or `users.change_permission` permissions.

- | Admin UI | API
--- | --- | ---
Superusers | Yes | Yes
Staff users with `users.add_permission` or `users.change_permission` | Yes | Yes
Regular users with `users.add_permission` or `users.change_permission` | No | Yes

Multiple permissions can be assigned to a user group.

Info

Group permission relationships can be managed in the Admin UI by modifying the group (superusers only) or the permission.